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Sayram (, (ウズベク語:Sayrom), (アラビア語:إسفیجاب) ''Isfījāb'', (ペルシア語:اسپیجاب), UniPers: ''Espijāb'') is a rural locality located in southeastern South Kazakhstan Region on the Sayram Su River, which rises at the nearby 4000-meter mountain Sayram Su. In medieval times, the city and countryside were located on the banks of the Arys River, into which the Sayram Su river flows. It is now a suburb of Shymkent. Population: The city celebrated the 3,000th anniversary of its founding in 1999.〔Sayram Region, 75th Anniversary. By Yerkin Nurazxan, editor 2003. Published independently.〕 It is among the oldest cities in Kazakhstan, site of the first mosque in Kazakhstan,〔The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. By Sheila Blair. Published by BRILL, 1992. ISBN 90-04-09367-2〕 and similarly among the oldest cities in Transoxania.〔Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. Michael Fergus and Zhanar Zhandosova, Stacey International Publishers, March 2004 (ISBN 1900988615)〕 Sayram is significant today for maintaining mud-brick architecture and the absence of Soviet-style architecture. There are many pre-20th-century mausoleums, and more continue to be built. Archaeology in Central Asia was active following its conquest by the Russian Empire, but remains a relatively understudied area. There has been some field work done in the city both before and during the rise of the Soviet Union, and there is likewise renewed interest in the city as one of the oldest cities of the independent country of Kazakhstan. Notable among the archaeological discoveries is evidence of an early plumbing system like the kinds found in Samarqand and other cities of the early Persian empires.〔 There is another city named Sayram in Xinjiang, China located between Kucha and Aksu, which, according to local tradition, was founded by captives captured by the Qalmaqs.〔Barthold, rev. of Tārīkh-i Amniyya, in Sochineniya, viii, 213〕 ==Etymology== The oldest name of the city according to historical evidence is Isfijab (Espijâb, Isfījāb, Asfījāb), which remained until the Mongol conquest. Mahmud Kashgari mentioned it as the "White City which is called Isbījāb," suggesting its connection with the Soghdian/Persian word for white, ''sipīd'' or ''ispīd''.〔Bosworth, C.E. "Isfīdjāb." Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010.〕 Kashgari also mentioned that the city was known as Sayram at that time, the name which the town bears today. The Russian Orientalist N. S. Lykoshin suggested that Sayram's correct name was ''Sar-i ayyām'', or 'Ancient of Days'. His editor held, however, that instead of ''ayyām'', it was instead the Arabic ''yamm'', 'sea, river' and referred to the source of a stream. If the name Sayrām is actually Turkic, it probably refers to 'a place of shallow water.'〔Devin DeWeese, "Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayrām, 18th-19th Centuries," ''Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée'' (), 89-90 | July 2000, uploaded May 12, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010. URL : http://remmm.revues.org/index283.html〕 To wit, al-Kāshgharī gives, alongside his entry on Sayrām as the name of Isfijāb, the phrase ''seyrem sūw,'' 'shallow water,' which coincidentally is the name of the river running east of the center of the city. Kāsgharī also later notes the verb ''seyremlen''-, 'to become shallow,' with the phrase ''sūw seyremlendī'', 'the water became shallow (or scanty)'.〔al-Kàshgharî, Mahmûd, 1982–85, R. Dankoff and J. Kelly (transl.), ''Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Diwân lughāt al-Turk)'', Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7, Turkish Sources, VII, Cambridge, Harvard University Printing Office. II, p. 256〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sayram (city)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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